Second Language Acquisition Theories

Second Language Acquisition Theories

Understanding second language acquisition (SLA) theory, developmental stages of second language (L2) acquisition, and the influence of the first language on the development of second or additional languages is key to informing instructional practices for teachers of ELLs.

• Discuss SLA theories of Krashen, Cummins, and two other theorists of your choice. Include one classroom application of each theory.
• Compare L1 and L2 acquisition/learning, including an explanation of how the L1 influences L2 acquisition/learning.
• Describe five stages of L2 acquisition, including at least three linguistic characteristics of learners at each stage and an academic support a teacher can provide for each stage.
• Describe two personal/individual factors affecting L2 acquisition/learning and how knowledge of these factors can inform teaching practice and responsiveness to students.
• Discuss two myths or misconceptions of L2 acquisition/learning and clarifications based on research.
• Explain sociolinguistics and how the sociocultural context influences language learning and use. Include examples of how to use students’ sociocultural and linguistic resources to enhance their learning.

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APA

Second Language Acquisition Theories

Understanding Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

SLA Theories and Classroom Applications

1. Krashen’s Input Hypothesis: Krashen emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input slightly above a learner’s current proficiency level (“i+1”).
   • Classroom Application: Teachers can use visuals, gestures, and simplified language to provide meaningful input during lessons, ensuring it is understandable yet challenging.
2. Cummins’ BICS and CALP: Cummins differentiates between Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) for social interactions and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) for academic contexts.
   • Classroom Application: Teachers should explicitly teach academic vocabulary and concepts to help students develop CALP while supporting social language through group activities.
3. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Language learning occurs within social interactions, emphasizing the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), where learners can perform tasks with guidance. Second Language Acquisition Theories
   • Classroom Application: Implement peer tutoring or scaffolded instruction to help students achieve tasks within their ZPD.
4. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar: Chomsky suggests that humans have an innate ability to acquire language, relying on exposure to grammatical structures.
   • Classroom Application: Focus on naturalistic language exposure through reading and