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UN Global Influence
1. Analyze and explain the functions, effectiveness and limits of the United Nations in the international system (give specific examples of how the UN has been involved). Write eight hundred words (10 points)
2. Explain and describe the most important functions of International courts in international relations (include the different types of courts and give examples of cases in which those courts have been involved). Write nine hundred words (10 points)
3. Explain ana analyze the issues involved in the Spratly Islands dispute . Write nine hundred words (i.e why do states care about small pieces of land, what are the implications of creating artificial islands, how China and the other states resolve their competing maritime claims, and how international law assist in this dispute). Write nine hundred words. (11 points)
List the sources that have been used,
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Answer
1. Functions, Effectiveness, and Limits of the United Nations
Introduction
The United Nations (UN), established in 1945, serves as a global institution focused on maintaining peace, fostering cooperation, and upholding international law and human rights. While its structure allows for diverse functions across security, development, human rights, and humanitarian assistance, the UN has faced challenges that often limit its ability to act effectively. UN Global Influence
Functions of the United Nations
- Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution: The UN is heavily involved in peacekeeping missions designed to de-escalate and manage conflicts worldwide. The UN Security Council (UNSC) authorizes peacekeeping operations, where member states contribute troops to maintain peace in areas experiencing conflict. A notable example is the UN mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), aimed at stabilizing the region after the Kosovo War. While the mission has promoted stability, peacekeeping missions have faced criticism in conflicts like Rwanda (UNAMIR), where the UN failed to prevent genocide due to limited intervention authority.
- Human Rights Protection: The UN promotes human rights globally, with the Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) playing key roles. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 established a global standard for human rights, and the UN often sends special rapporteurs to investigate abuses. For instance, the UNHRC has condemned rights abuses in Myanmar, though intervention is complicated by national sovereignty and member state disagreements.
- Humanitarian Aid and Development: UN agencies such as UNICEF, WHO, and the World Food Programme (WFP) are instrumental in providing humanitarian assistance. During the Syrian Civil War, the UN led aid efforts to provide essentials to millions of displaced people, although limited access hindered aid delivery. The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) further highlight its commitment to addressing poverty, education, and inequality. UN Global Influence
- Environmental Protection: The UN has played a leading role in addressing climate change, coordinating efforts through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement (2015), a landmark achievement, was facilitated by the UN to mitigate climate change impacts. Although over 190 countries are signatories, enforcement remains a significant challenge.
Effectiveness of the United Nations
The UN has demonstrated effectiveness in areas like global health, peacekeeping, and environmental policies. For instance, through the WHO, the UN supported polio eradication initiatives, and its frameworks helped reduce child mortality globally. However, its success varies significantly based on member cooperation and available resources. Successful peacekeeping missions in Namibia and El Salvador illustrate the UN’s role in achieving long-term peace, while the Iran Nuclear Deal (facilitated by the UN) showcases its potential for diplomacy.
Limits and Criticisms of the United Nations
- Structural Issues: The veto power held by the five permanent UNSC members (the U.S., Russia, China, France, and the U.K.) has been controversial, particularly when used to…